Chapter 6 - Knowledge Management in Practice

Knowledge management or knowledge sharing manifest themselves in many ways in the workplace; that may include ordinary events, such as facilitated meetings or informal conversations or more complex interactions that require information and communication technology.<br /><br />FINDING INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE<br /><br />Since building knowledge may require the analysis and synthesis of information, the lines between working with information and working with knowledge or knowledge artifacts easily become blurred. Under the aegis of ‘knowledge management’, there are three types of processes that are generally considered to be essential: finding or uncovering knowledge, sharing knowledge, and the development of new knowledge. All may play a role in assisting with decision making and encouraging innovation. The chain is straightforward, a pyramid, in fact, leading from Data at the bottom through Information, Knowledge, Intelligence, Decision, and Action, to Value. Finding information and knowledge refers to processes that allow organizations to make sense and make use of data, information, and knowledge objects that may be present but are not codified, analyzed, nor accessible to members. Knowledge exists in all organizations, but all knowledge may not be explicit.<br /><br />SHARING INFORMATION ANDKNOWLEDGE<br /><br />Sharing of information for knowledge development is the most traditional collection of processes, easily understood, but often overlooked in a systematic knowledge management program. Sharing refers to the willingness and ability of the knowledgeable to share what they know to help others expand their own learning and knowing.Teaching and learning activities, such as online universities in industry, mentoring programs, apprenticeships, and training programs all serve as opportunities for individuals to share knowledge. The live interactions that occur in lectures and other kinds of learning sessions can now be captured fairly easily with digital video or audio equipment. Even mobile devices have these capabilities.They can then be indexed and placed on a shared file platform or in an intranet.<br /><br />DEVELOPMENT OFKNOWLEDGE<br /><br />Knowledge development takes place when individuals work to create new understandings, innovations, and a synthesis of what is known already together with newly acquired information or knowledge. Although individuals can intentionally develop their own knowledge through seeking opportunities to be creative and learn, the development of knowledge is often a social process. Meetings, teleconferences, planning sessions, knowledge cafes, and team think tank sessions all serve to help workers develop knowledge together. The synergies brought about by effective meetings can encourage the development of new knowledge. Allowing individuals to take risks and occasionally make mistakes (and learn from them) can also develop a culture of innovation that fosters the creation of new knowledge through research and experimentation.<br /><br />KNOWLEDGE AUDIT<br /><br />The obvious first step in launching a formalKMprogram throughout an organization is to conduct an information or knowledge audit.An audit answers the questions of what information and knowledge exists in the organization and where is it?Who maintains it?Who has access to it? Etc. The idea of an information auditory much predates KM as we have defined KM here. Accompanying, or more accurately a component of, the Information Resources Management (IRM) movement of the 1970’s was a strong emphasis upon the information or knowledge audit. At that time, the Internet and Web portals did not yet exist, and there was a very legitimate concern that data was being captured in an unplanned and decentralized fashion and that the data was held as the “slave of the program.” While tacit or implicit information was not ignored, the emphasis was very much upon explicit captured data and information. Clearly, the techniques used in creating a knowledge audit or knowledge map are those borrowed from social network analysis and anthropology, and appropriately so, since Knowledge Management is interdisciplinary by nature, spanning boundaries of thought and interests. The second stage focuses on programs, projects, and products. It’s critical for all involved in such an endeavor to remember that knowledge grows from information, so careful oversight of information is necessary as a foundation for knowledge development and the formation of a knowledge sharing culture.<br /><br />TAGS, TAXONOMIES, AND CONTENT MANAGEMENT<br /><br />Having identified and located information and knowledge, the obvious next step is to make it relocatable and retrievable, made possible by tagging and creating taxonomies. The tag and taxonomy stage of KM consists primarily of assembling various information resources in some sort of portal-like environment and making them available to the organization. This can include internally generated information, including lessons learned databases and expertise locators, as well as external information, the open web and also deep web information subscribed to by the organization.With the arrival of extensive email use by virtually all organizations the extentof internal information to be managed has exploded.<br /><br />LESSONS LEARNED DATABASES<br /><br />Lessons Learned databases are databases that attempt to capture and to make accessible knowledge that has been operationally obtained and typically would not have been captured in a fixed medium (to use copyright terminology). In theKMcontext, the emphasis is typically upon capturing knowledge embedded in persons and making it explicit.The lessons learned concept or practice is one that might be described as having been birthed by KM, as there is very little in the way of a direct antecedent. Early in the KM movement, the phrase typically used was “best practices,” but that phrase was soon replaced with “lessons learned.” The reasons were that “lessons learned” was broader and more inclusive, and because “best practice” seemed too restrictive and could be interpreted as meaning there was only one best practice in a situation. The implementation of a lessons learned system is complex both politically and operationally. Most successful lessons learned implementations have concluded that such a system needs to be monitored and that there needs to be a vetting and approval mechanism before items are mounted as lessonslearned. How long do items stay in the system? Who decides when an item is no longer salient and timely? Most successful lessons learned systems have an active weeding or stratification process. Without a clearly designed process for weeding, the proportion of new and crisp items inevitably declines, the system begins to look stale, and usage and utility falls.<br /><br />EXPERTISE LOCATION<br /><br />If knowledge resides in people, then one of the best ways to learn what an expert knows is to talk with one. Locating the right expert with the knowledge you need, though, can be a problem. The basic function of an expertise locator system is straightforward, it is to identify and locate those persons within an organization who have expertise in a particular area. There are nowthree areas which typically supply data for an expertise locator system, employee resumes, employee self identification of areas of expertise, typically by being requested to fill out a form online, or by algorithmic analysis of electronic communications from and to the employee.<br /><br />COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE (COPS)<br /><br />Communities of Practice (CoPs) are groups of individuals with shared interests that come together in person or virtually to tell stories, discuss best practices, and talk over lessons learned [Wenger, E., 1998a,Wenger and Snyder, 1999].Communities of practice emphasize the social nature of learning within or across organizations. Conversations around the water cooler are often taken for granted, but organizations find that when workers give up a company office to work out of their home, that the natural knowledge sharing that occurs in social spaces must be replicated in an online form. In the context of KM, CoPs are generally understood to mean electronically linked communities. Electronic linkage is not essential of course, but since KM arose in the consulting community from the awareness of the potential of Intranets to link geographically dispersed organizations, this orientation is understandable and inevitable. The organization and maintenance of CoPs is not a simple and easy undertaking. As Durham, M. [2004] points out, there are several key roles to be filled, which she describes as manager, moderator, and thought leader. They need not necessarily be three separate people, but in some cases they will need to be.<br /><br />PROCESSES, PROCEDURES, AND PRACTICES MATRIX<br /><br /><br />That matrix reveals several interesting things. Almost everything one does in KM is designed to help find information and knowledge.However, if we assume that the main goal ofKM is to share knowledge and even more importantly to develop new knowledge, then the Knowledge Audit and the Tags, Taxonomies and Content Management stages are the underpinnings and the tools. It is the knowledge sharing and knowledge creation of one on one communications enabled by expertise locators, and the communal sharing and creation of knowledge enabled by communities of practice toward which KM development should be aimed.

Chapter 6 - Knowledge Management in Practice

Knowledge management or knowledge sharing manifest themselves in many ways in the workplace; that may include ordinary events, such as facilitated meetings or informal conversations or more complex interactions that require information and communicat…

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Acrophobia

<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT8ev3ajKioJqe_nqC65B1MSd2XdhBnipyRvlmCbIaQW_ruESgQR2Ki2yIV7d5Dno-ZRzaCB2YetR4d5pDcH33jhZBtGr-xP7XeSArt5BkclzQbNaRMQBPX5WcuE431a2nPqvt-Gn7TQ/s1600/12.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5734848011593794098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT8ev3ajKioJqe_nqC65B1MSd2XdhBnipyRvlmCbIaQW_ruESgQR2Ki2yIV7d5Dno-ZRzaCB2YetR4d5pDcH33jhZBtGr-xP7XeSArt5BkclzQbNaRMQBPX5WcuE431a2nPqvt-Gn7TQ/s320/12.jpg" style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 213px;" /></a><br />Often a person calling himself a phobia of something that he feared that the word "phobia" became popular in our daily interactions. But whether it is a Phobia Fear? Are we afraid of snakes then we call snake phobia? Are we afraid of the crocodile then we call a phobia of alligators?<br /><br />What is phobia?<br />A phobia is an irrational situation where a person acts and have a great fear of something. Usually someone with a phobia will feel fear at times.<br /><br />Fear is a human reaction that is biologically a protection mechanism for a person on the face of danger. Fear is an emotion that arises when people face a threat that endangers the life or one particular area of ​​life. Fear commonly called the warning signs of life, a warning to stop, look or listen.<br /><br />One form of phobia is an altitude phobia<br />height phobia is the fear that the person is at high altitude, generally those with acrophobia will refuse to climb to high ground. If indeed they had climbed to higher ground, then usually they will be very tense, cold sweat, his face became pale, and even dangerous he can not move when he felt fear.<br /><br />Then how do I overcome an altitude phobia ...?<br />Phobias can be eliminated from a person. although difficult, but if done regularly will give positive results. As for the way is to force myself to be at a certain height, can be done by stages with different heights, starting from the bottom level. This exercise requires the seriousness of the patient, because patients are forced to confront what he fears.

Acrophobia

Often a person calling himself a phobia of something that he feared that the word "phobia" became popular in our daily interactions. But whether it is a Phobia Fear? Are we afraid of snakes then we call snake phobia? Are we afraid of the crocodile th…

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Sleep Paralysis

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIof2KZ1rR-KD0vTC2BxLa_JVjqwkUdy4TKJTtAU5yCldLeU3b0kDv4fNvOFeF1TtdgECPEQ0FOXnSHR6LPMVvFm2oZZqwrPfSDdOTnZ9XoApPCIn72Qd64fNEsEd_zKDgYeC8DA-n0A/s1600/Baby+Sleeping.png"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5732234988748014674" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIof2KZ1rR-KD0vTC2BxLa_JVjqwkUdy4TKJTtAU5yCldLeU3b0kDv4fNvOFeF1TtdgECPEQ0FOXnSHR6LPMVvFm2oZZqwrPfSDdOTnZ9XoApPCIn72Qd64fNEsEd_zKDgYeC8DA-n0A/s320/Baby+Sleeping.png" style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 210px;" /></a><br />Ever wake up from sleep, but it's hard to move or scream? Relax, you're not being harassed by a ghost. It is a scientific explanation!<br /><br />These events often I have experienced since the days of high school, even today (although its frequency is greatly reduced). When about to wake from sleep or had just fallen asleep, I felt like something crushed. It makes me hard to get up or yell for help.<br /><br />Then, there is little cold spread from toe to the rest of the body. To be able to get up, the only way is to move the foot, hand or head end at full speed until the entire body can be moved back.<br /><br />After that, I usually do not dare to sleep. I lost consciousness or fear of the incident over and over again. Especially at the time, feels like looking at a shadow in the darkness.<br />I never told me about this on my mother. She said I had a squeezing. And according to the trust of parents, that is a ghost. Uh, yes scary! However, I am trying to find the logic of scientific explanation. This is the result<br /><br />Sleep Paralysis<br />According to the medical situation when people will be sleeping or waking up feeling like a strangled breath, chest tightness, difficulty moving and hard body screaming called sleep paralysis (because the body can not move and seemed paralyzed). Almost everyone has experienced it. At least once or twice in his life.<br /><br />Sleep paralysis can happen to anyone, male or female. And the average age people first experienced this sleep disorder is 14-17 years. Sleep paralysis or squeezing it can indeed take place in a matter of seconds to minutes. Interestingly, when squeezing occurs we often experience hallucinations, like seeing a black shadow figure or around the bed. Not surprisingly, this phenomenon is also often associated with the mystic.<br /><br />In the Western world, the phenomenon of squeezing is often a nightmare Inkubus or old hag by the form of a shadow that appears. There is also a secret agent who thought he saw a foreign or alien. While in some medieval paintings, squeezing illustrated by the figure of evil spirits occupying the chest of a woman until she was terrified and could hardly breathe.<br /><br />Lack of Sleep<br />According to Al Cheyne, researchers from the University of Waterloo, Canada, sleep paralysis, is a kind of hallucination because of malfunctions in the stage of sleep rapid eye movement (REM).<br /><br />As knowledge, based on brain waves, sleep is divided into 4 stages. Stages it is the lightest stage of sleep (we were still semi-conscious), the deeper stages of sleep, the deepest sleep and REM stages. At this stage that dreams occur.<br /><br />When the condition of the body is too tired or lack of sleep, brain waves are not supposed to follow the stages of sleep. So, from a conscious state (while he was sleeping) to the lightest stage of sleep, then immediately jump into a dream (REM).<br /><br />When the brain is suddenly awakened from REM stage, but the body has not, here's where sleep paralysis occurs. We feel very conscious, but unable to move the body. Plus the hallucinations appeared another figure that this is actually a characteristic of the dream.<br /><br />In addition, sleep paralysis can also be caused by something that can not be controlled. As a result, stress, and carried up into a dream. Work environment has also affected. For example, you work in shifts so that lack of sleep or have irregular sleep patterns.<br /><br />Do not underestimate<br />Although common, this sleep disorder should be wary. The reason, sleep paralysis can also be a sign of narcolepsy (sudden sleep attacks with no signs of sleepiness), sleep apnea (snoring), anxiety, or depression.<br /><br />If you are having trouble sleeping, you should make note of the pattern of sleep for several weeks. This will help you determine the cause. Then, overcome by avoiding the triggers. When the squeezing caused too tired, try to rest more.<br /><br />Lack of sleep also should not be underestimated. If it is causing sleep paralysis, the condition is severe means. Immediate needs of self-evaluation and inadequate sleep. Try to sleep 8-10 hours at the same hour every night.<br /><br />Keep in mind also, SEEP paralysis usually occurs in people who sleep in the supine position (face up, and almost in a state of deep sleep or waking from sleep almost). That is why, we need to frequently change sleeping positions to reduce the risk of this sleep disorder.<br /><br />Well, if the squeezing is accompanied by other symptoms, it's good to see a doctor or a sleep expert sleep laboratory for further examination. Usually the doctor will ask when the overlap begins and how long it has lasted. Note that you created earlier will be helpful when it went to the doctor.

Sleep Paralysis

Ever wake up from sleep, but it's hard to move or scream? Relax, you're not being harassed by a ghost. It is a scientific explanation!These events often I have experienced since the days of high school, even today (although its frequency is greatly r…

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I and My Handwriting

The last few weeks, I find a branch of science about reading people through handwriting is called graphology. In this blog, I will not discuss in detail the terms graphology as would have been so much written on a blog or another website. I am interest in graphology originated from the accident to see my friend's book entitled grapho for success by Bayu ludvianto. Finally, I borrowed the book and started reading.<br /> Before I started reading it thoroughly, I first wrote about me on a piece of paper, so when I finished reading the book, I can try to do profiling of myself. The book begins the story about the life traps. In life there are 11 life traps (young and klosko: 1993), namely:<br />- Abandonment<br />- Mistrust and Abuse<br />- Dependence<br />- Vulnerability<br />- Emotional deprivation<br />- Social Exclusion<br />- Deffectiveness<br />- Failure<br />- Subjugation<br />- Unrelenting Standards<br />- Entitlement<br /> I would like to know whether I have one of these traps, or even more. Or maybe I'm not having any trap. But after knowing what the explanation of these pitfalls, I feel I experienced it even feels like more than five traps. To be sure I had read the book thoroughly. My curiosity was even greater. I read page after page with passion. When reading it, sometimes I think, "Is this right?" And "Is this real?"<br /> In addition to the explanation, the book also gives examples of handwriting with a caption. I even thought about writing about my writing and my friends I have ever seen. Approximately 80% of their writing is to tell how their personality. Because I had been friends for a long time of course I know most of their personality. Especially with my own, when I saw my writing and reading the explanations in the book, I sometimes feel sad, What a life of childhood is shaping how we are in the present and whether or not we are stuck. The life of my childhood was painful to remember, but certainly a lot of fun things to keep in mind too :)<br /><br />This is a photo of my writing and I will give some information<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYdbCdJb0DX9Clqd_ge9-QfFh8lX1QpFW0Mnll_28Yt4oUEM_E70OB9XwNvdhuuCX1EGG5X9PmcA86vU4esO0BtIkQ_32Ghj-2_4o3kiVCUGi-QOoyS0tsva7b3OD3LN7tlLdsMo3F5Q/s1600/FULL..jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729655629398065186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYdbCdJb0DX9Clqd_ge9-QfFh8lX1QpFW0Mnll_28Yt4oUEM_E70OB9XwNvdhuuCX1EGG5X9PmcA86vU4esO0BtIkQ_32Ghj-2_4o3kiVCUGi-QOoyS0tsva7b3OD3LN7tlLdsMo3F5Q/s320/FULL..jpg" style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 245px; height: 320px;" /></a><br /><br />This is a photo of my writing is full. Baseline seen here is downward, which means the owner of this writing is easy to become discouraged and pessimistic. To see things from the negative side.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyfm9NzCu3HJOqC0q6pNa0tNkQqRZ-lSbpd32QHPbgW7sBMW9Amm69Fy8bWXloJj8gYnakzVDHWfVsP0Q8p7kT74Hb9RPQiwZUNtk4ckzCtY3D4WMmVZeEoFjQB69ktkvFvFefgXoKKw/s1600/margin+kiri.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729656351125134866" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyfm9NzCu3HJOqC0q6pNa0tNkQqRZ-lSbpd32QHPbgW7sBMW9Amm69Fy8bWXloJj8gYnakzVDHWfVsP0Q8p7kT74Hb9RPQiwZUNtk4ckzCtY3D4WMmVZeEoFjQB69ktkvFvFefgXoKKw/s320/margin+kiri.jpg" style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 137px; height: 279px;" /></a><br /><br />This is a picture writing seen from the left margin is approximately 0.5 cm. indicate I'm pretty comfortable with my past.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicnSxwlmyW_FkuTwBDK39uBm9oM8J4C7CcZCGEx03Ws9l8rIFdbAMaC-E2YAljHi4fKOvjp5Q2fCkokTWrrQsl3sY__LMB_nCAHM7pOHoi9Ywb02aB6i5Czwva2LrUVkw69rbt5AaVxg/s1600/margin+kanan.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729656696650974002" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicnSxwlmyW_FkuTwBDK39uBm9oM8J4C7CcZCGEx03Ws9l8rIFdbAMaC-E2YAljHi4fKOvjp5Q2fCkokTWrrQsl3sY__LMB_nCAHM7pOHoi9Ywb02aB6i5Czwva2LrUVkw69rbt5AaVxg/s320/margin+kanan.jpg" style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 125px; height: 234px;" /></a><br /><br />It is seen from the picture writing an uneven right margin. Right margin represents how we see the future. In this photo looks I'm not afraid to face my future.<br /><br />This is a photo of my writings in detail ..<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWIO4RPbY-IVpyFUEXeD6rfPUS-W0Qm0jLC4A2Z5B0v5_-XfoVzGVAg_CoRO-MBUQyjsll-G2L9HCAKYXThon8n8jRwsVT1TMHJya-ahgwz685KvY-TkK3ZxnZFw1GqCTzyPYtQ8nyow/s1600/hurufT.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729657329762584658" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWIO4RPbY-IVpyFUEXeD6rfPUS-W0Qm0jLC4A2Z5B0v5_-XfoVzGVAg_CoRO-MBUQyjsll-G2L9HCAKYXThon8n8jRwsVT1TMHJya-ahgwz685KvY-TkK3ZxnZFw1GqCTzyPYtQ8nyow/s320/hurufT.jpg" style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 274px;" /></a><br /><br />from the picture above shows that I feel less confidence.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIwE_oVxlOYf4ho0_8nee0R9QOlGJkHNhmKWRkoy9Hs0KE4CTHikrJ1R_GEL9ceEr2VwIlXgMG7xbccEDFkATbxANnO_5ylZJyLhhTPu85UKf72hMI26fxtT6k_TJTlHj1LV7nxhEgyQ/s1600/hurufD.jpg"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5729657330051774098" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIwE_oVxlOYf4ho0_8nee0R9QOlGJkHNhmKWRkoy9Hs0KE4CTHikrJ1R_GEL9ceEr2VwIlXgMG7xbccEDFkATbxANnO_5ylZJyLhhTPu85UKf72hMI26fxtT6k_TJTlHj1LV7nxhEgyQ/s320/hurufD.jpg" style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 150px;" /></a><br /><br />from the picture above shows that I find it hard to accept criticism.<br /><br />Since I finished reading it, the most I like is to see the writings of people around me. I tried to collect as many samples of writing. It was very interesting to read others. By knowing his personality, we can also customize how to get along with him. "Then what's the point when we know what are the lifetraps happen to us?"<br />The answer is: "when we know there is something wrong in us, then change for the better is a must do."<br />The next question is: "how to change? "<br />And the answer is: "Acknowledge all that is wrong with ourselves and all sincerity, that it was all happening to us and nothing is wasted. God knows better what is the secret behind all that wonderful. Pray that we be a good personal life without any lifetrap. "<br />Yupz,, PRAY is the only one we can do. Whatever the time, the place, and the situation is .. there is no other power can fight against the power of God, Allah SWT.<br />All will be Beautiful when we give thanks for what happened. Do not just be grateful when you feel happy, but be thankful we will be happy ..<br />Keep smile and open your mind :)

I and My Handwriting

The last few weeks, I find a branch of science about reading people through handwriting is called graphology. In this blog, I will not discuss in detail the terms graphology as would have been so much written on a blog or another website. I am intere…

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